Selasa, 09 Juni 2015

Global Warming



NAME        : APRESIA INDRA S
NPM           : 21212011
CLASS       : 3EB22
GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is a process of increasing the average temperature of the atmosphere, ocean, and land Earth. Global average temperature at Earth's surface has increased by 0.74 ° C ± 0:18 (1:33 ± 0:32 ° F) over the last hundred years. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that, "the majority of the increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century, most likely caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases due to human activity through the greenhouse effect.
Increasing global temperature will cause changes such as rising sea levels, increased intensity of extreme weather phenomena and changes in the amount and pattern of precipitation. Consequences of global warming include its impact on agricultural output, loss of glaciers and the extinction of various animal species. Some things that scientists are still in doubt about the amount of warming expected to occur in the future, and how warming and changes that occur will vary from one region to another. Up to now there is still political and public debate in the world about what, if any, action should be taken to reduce or reverse the further warming or to adapt to the consequences there.
All energy sources that exist on Earth comes from the sun. Most of the energy in the form of short-wave radiation, including visible light. When this energy arrives surface of the Earth, he turned on the light into heat that warms the Earth. Earth's surface will absorb some of the heat and reflect the rest. Some of this heat tangible long-wave infrared radiation into space. However, some heat remains trapped in the Earth's atmosphere due to the accumulated amount of greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and methane that become traps for this radiation. These gases absorb and reflect radiation emitted by the Earth and consequently the heat stored in the Earth's surface. This situation occurs continuously, resulting in an annual average temperature of the earth continues to increase.
These gases working in the greenhouse gas. With the increasing concentration of these gases in the atmosphere, the more heat is trapped below. The greenhouse effect is very much needed by all living things on earth, because without it, the planet would be very cool. With an average temperature of 15 ° C (59 ° F), the earth has actually hotter 33 ° C (59 ° F) from its original temperature, if there is no greenhouse effect the earth's temperature is only -18 ° C so that the ice will cover the entire Earth's surface. But on the contrary, if these gases in the atmosphere has been excessive, will lead to global warming
There is hypothesized that the variations of the sun can contribute to warming today. The difference between this mechanism with the warming due to the greenhouse effect is the increased activity of the sun will heat the stratosphere reverse the greenhouse effect cools the stratosphere. Cooling of the lower stratosphere has been observed since at least 1960, which would not happen if solar activity became a major contributor to recent warming. Thinning of the ozone layer also can provide a cooling effect but the depletion occurs from the end of 1970. The phenomenon of solar variability combined with volcanic activity may have given the warming effect from pre-industrial times to 1950, as well as the cooling effect since 1950.
The impact of global warming
a.       Climate started unstable
Northern regions of the northern hemisphere (Northern Hemisphere) will warm faster than other regions on Earth. As a result, icebergs will melt and the land will shrink. There will be less ice floating in the waters of the North. Areas which previously experienced a mild snow, probably will not get it again. In the temperate mountains, snow-covered portion will shrink and will melt faster. The planting season will be longer in some areas. The temperature in winter and at night will tend to increase.
Warm areas will become more humid because more water evaporates from the oceans. Scientists are not yet sure whether the moisture will actually increase or decrease warming further. This is because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, so its presence will increase the insulation effect of the atmosphere. However, more water vapor will also form more clouds, so it will reflect sunlight back into space, where it will lower the heating process (see water cycle).
High humidity will increase rainfall, on average, about 1 percent for every degree Fahrenheit warming. Rainfall across the world has increased by 1 percent in the last hundred years [22]. Storms will become more frequent. In addition, the water will evaporate more quickly from the ground. As a result, some areas will become drier than ever. The wind will blow more strongly, and perhaps with different patterns. Hurricanes (hurricane) that draws its strength from the evaporation of water, would be greater. Contrary to the warming that occurred, some very cold periods will probably occur. Weather patterns become less predictable and more extreme


b.      Sea level rise
Changes in the average height of the sea level measured in regions with geologically stable environment. When the atmosphere warms, the surface layer of the oceans will also be warmed up, so that the volume will be enlarged and raise sea levels. Warming will also melt a lot of ice at the poles, especially around Greenland, which will raise the volume of water in the ocean. Sea levels around the world have increased by 10-25 cm (4-10 inches) during the 20th century, and the IPCC scientists predict a further rise of 9-88 cm (4-35 inches) in the 21st century.
Changes in sea levels will greatly affect life in coastal areas. The increase in 100 cm (40 inches) would drown 6 percent of the Dutch area, 17.5 percent of the region of Bangladesh, and many islands. Erosion of cliffs, beaches and sand dunes will increase. When the high seas reached estuaries, tidal flooding will increase in the mainland. Rich countries will spend huge amounts of money to protect the coastal area, while poor countries may only be able to evacuate people from coastal regions.
Even a small rise in sea levels will greatly affect coastal ecosystems. An increase of 50 cm (20 inches) would submerge half of coastal marshes in the United States. The new swamp will also be formed, but not in urban areas and areas that are already built. The sea level rise will cover most of the Everglades, Florida.

c.       Global temperatures are likely to increase
One might assume that a warm earth will produce more food than ever before, but it is actually not the same in some places. The southern part of Canada, for example, may benefit from higher rainfall and over the length of the growing season. On the other hand, semi-arid tropical agricultural land in some parts of Africa may not be able to grow. Desert agricultural areas that use irrigation water from distant mountains may suffer if the snowpack (snow collection) winter, which serves as a natural reservoir, will melt before the peak months of planting. Food crops and forest insect and disease attack more powerful.

d.      Ecological disturbance
Animals and plants into living creatures that are difficult to avoid the effects of global warming because most of the land is controlled by humans. In global warming, animals tend to migrate toward the poles and up the mountains. Plants will change the direction of growth, seeking new areas as old habitats become too warm. However, human development will hinder this displacement. Species that migrate north or south that are blocked by cities or agricultural lands may be dead. Some types of species that are not able to move quickly towards the poles may also be destroyed.
e.       Social and political impact

Changes in weather and the seas can lead to the emergence of diseases associated with heat (heat stroke) and death. Hot temperatures can also cause crop failure resulting in hunger and malnutrition. Changes in extreme weather and rising sea levels due to melting ice in the Arctic could lead to diseases associated with natural disasters (floods, storms and fires) and deaths due to trauma. The incidence of natural disasters are usually accompanied by migration to places of refuge where frequent illnesses, such as diarrhea, malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, psychological trauma, skin diseases, and others.
Shifting ecosystems can have an impact on the spread of waterborne diseases (waterborne diseases) as well as the spread of vector-borne diseases (vector-borne diseases). Such as the increasing incidence of dengue fever since the advent of space (ecosystem) mosquitoes breed.

With the climate change, there are several species of disease vectors (eq aedes aegypti), viruses, bacteria, plasmodium become more resistant to certain drugs are targeted at these organisms. In addition, it is predicted that there are some natural species will adapt or become extinct due change these extreme ecosystems. it will also impact climate change (climate change) that can cause an increase in certain diseases such as acute respiratory infection (droughts / forest fires, DBD Linkages with erratic rainy season).


DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Importance of Learning English



NAME        : APRESIA INDRA S
NPM           : 21212011
CLASS       : 3EB22

Importance of Learning English

In the modern era is the whole human aspect required to be able to have the ability to speak well and is especially true international language which in this case is English. English has long been established as an international language that has been agreed upon by all countries in the world, where it is intended that all of the various parts of the world can communicate smoothly without a hitch because English itself is a language of inter-State one State to another. Therefore we all should know the importance of the English language in everyday life, especially in socializing among people from one another both domestically and abroad.
Basically, globalization encourages all aspects of life to adapt, as well as education. Education at the university level, in several courses has required students to have English-language books, so students must master English automatically, no idea if it must translate it first because it must be exhausting. Requiring students to have English-speaking guide not just for prestige, to be cool, or a mere fad, this is done by lecturers for various reasons, one of which is to familiarize the students using English, this is done by the lecturers as they realize the benefits and importance learn english in this globalization era.
Several countries around in the world have entered the English language in the curriculum at educational levels ranging from basic and higher education, given the critical importance of the English language itself. Even starting from the family environment has also been applied habit to use English on each member of the family from the head of the family to her children. It can be seen that the importance of English in the social life of the community is that of many event-event competitions around the world require the participants and finalists for speaking English proficient either actively or passively that is both orally and in writing. Because if someone fluent in English only in writing only, the level will not be able to be used in everyday life, especially for socializing among the members of society. Another reason the importance of English in education is when we learn to use the book translate (from English speaking guide) is often translated as meaning that one or the meaning is difficult to understand, it can mislead us in understanding.
Moreover, in the affairs of state is also needed the expertise of a leader of a country to speak English, because in every visit he made the most of the social activities that are in all corners of the world. Therefore, to be understood by the community who visited every head of state should be able to use the English language properly and correctly orally and in writing. In every speech he delivered was also a head of state should be able to communicate using the English language. The use of the English language is also not always devoted to the head of the State only, but students and education practitioners even required to be able to master the English language properly. It is intended that the future aims of education practitioners and educators should also be able to convey to their students English pupils well and correctly orally and in writing. That presumably importance of the English language in everyday life for all members of society worldwide.
Given the importance of the English language itself then today many institutions specializing tutoring lessons delivered to students of their students is English. Ranging from the basic to higher education each have the basic capabilities vary, so for example just for students who are still not able to master English well then it will still be collected to the other students who also have not been able to master English with good and true. Therefore no need to feel worried or embarrassed if there is a student until the final level is still not able to master the English language properly because they will not be gathered with the children in the elementary level or a training run English language courses. So, in this case there is no such thing as too late, even to learn English because of the importance of the English language itself.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA